Futebol Clube de Alverca, or FC Alverca, is a Portuguese football club, founded in 1939, and based in Alverca do Ribatejo.
After many decades in the lower levels of Portuguese football, the club was promoted to top level in 1999, and had five presences in the Portuguese Liga afterwards. It was relegated to the Liga de Honra in 2004, and folded, for financial reasons, in 2005. They returned in the 2006/07 season at amateur level. They played in Lisbon District Championship - 2nd division, who is 6th level of Portuguese League in 2006-2007 season and finished as 5th. They finished as champions in them and promoted to Lisbon District Championship - 1st division in 2007-2008 season.
League and cup history
Season
Pos.
Pl.
W
D
L
GS
GA
P
Cup
Notes
1995-1996
2H
13
34
12
8
14
28
38
44
1996-1997
2H
15
34
9
13
12
31
30
40
1997-1998
2H
3
34
19
5
10
64
35
62
promoted
1998-1999
1D
15
34
8
11
15
36
50
35
last 16
1999-2000
1D
11
34
11
8
15
39
48
41
2000-2001
1D
12
34
12
7
15
45
52
43
2001-2002
1D
18
34
7
6
21
39
67
27
relegated
2002-2003
2H
2
34
16
12
6
47
24
60
promoted
2003-2004
1D
16
34
10
5
19
33
49
35
relegated
2004-2005
2H
13
34
11
6
17
26
38
39
folded
Notable Former Players
Deco played for Alverca between the 1997/98 season in which he led the club to promotion to the Portuguese Liga with 32 appearances and 13 goals. After promotion he moved on to northern club Salgueiros.
Muttalib was the younger brother of Hashim ibn Abd Manaf (the great-grandfather of Muhammad). Muttalib succeeded his brother Hashim and took care of his nephew Shaiba ibn Hashim, who became known as “Abd al-Muttalib” (servant of Muttalib) after that. When Muttalib died, Abd al-Muttalib succeeded him.
He is the progenitor of Banu Muttalib.
Further reading
Geraldine de Gaury, Rulers of Mecca
See also
Family tree of Muttalib ibn Abd al-Manaf
Sahaba
External links
Shia links
Banu Hashim - Before the Birth of Islam
This biographical article about a person notable in connection with Islam is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
This Middle Eastern biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttalib_ibn_Abd_Manaf”
Categories: Islamic biography stubs | Middle Eastern people stubs | Arab people | Muslim history | 510s deathsHidden categories: Articles containing Arabic language text
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This page was last modified on 27 September 2009 at 05:12.
Far Eastern Economic Review, Final Issue, December 2009
The Far Eastern Economic Review (Chinese: ??????, Pinyin: Yu?nd?ng J?ngjì Pínglùn; also referred to as FEER or The Review) was an English language Asian news magazine started in 1946. It printed its final issue in December 2009. The Hong Kong-based business magazine was originally published weekly. Due to financial difficulties, the magazine converted to a monthly publication in December 2004, and simultaneously switched to an arrangement whereby most articles were contributed by non-staff writers who had expertise in a given field, such as economists, business-community figures, government policymakers, social scientists and others.
FEER covered a variety of topics including politics, business, economics, technology, social and cultural issues throughout Asia, focusing on Southeast Asia and Greater China. It presented views and opinions emphasizing local perspectives in an attempt to improve existing conditions in Asia.
Contents
1Ownership
2Readership
3History
4Criticism of Dow-Jones
5The Review Legend
6Independent journalistic establishments
7Editorial
7.1Editorial statement
7.2Editorial stance
8Reports by FEER
9Censorship of the FEER
9.1Defamation judgment
10Awards presented by FEER
11See also
12References
13External links
Ownership
FEER was set up in 1946 with seed capital provided by the Kadoories, Jardines and the Hongkong Bank. The South China Morning Post, an English-language newspaper based in Hong Kong, had majority ownership of the Review from 1972. In 1986 Dow Jones, a minority shareholder since 1973, took over full ownership in a deal with Rupert Murdoch’s News Corp., which had acquired a controlling interest in the Post. News Corp bought Dow Jones in 2007.
Readership
FEER targeted markets in Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Southeast Asia. It reached an elite group of readers from the government, the business world and the academic sector. The magazine had a circulation of 93,055 in 2003. In September 2006, the magazine was banned in Singapore.
History
FEER cover, 27 November 2003
The Far Eastern Economic Review was started in 1946 by Eric Halpern, a Jewish immigrant from Vienna, who initially settled in Shanghai and ran Finance and Commerce, a biweekly business magazine. Later on, when China was in the midst of the Chinese Civil War, he decamped to Hong Kong and founded the weekly publication, FEER, focusing on finance, commerce and industry.
After Halpern’s retirement in 1958, Dick Wilson became chief editor and publisher. He operated an office in a colonial building along the waterfront where the Mandarin Hotel now stands. During Wilson’s tenure, coverage of the magazine extended from China and Hong Kong into other regions around the world, from Japan to Australia to India and to the Philippines, with articles and reports supplied by cross-border journalists and scholars.
In 1964, Wilson was succeeded as editor by Derek Davies, a Welsh journalist, who had served in the British Foreign Office. Between 1964 and 1989, the late flamboyant Derek Davies built up the Far Eastern Economic Review from a small weekly into one of Asia’s most authoritative magazines, with a circulation of nearly 90,000. At its peak, FEER had an editorial team of nearly 100 news staff in 15 bureaus across Asia - the largest news team of any regional weekly.
After serving 25 years as senior editor, Davies was succeeded by Philip Bowring. In 1992, Bowring was forced to resign due to differences with Dow Jones’ Vice President Karen Elliott House over the magazine’s editorial direction.
In November 2001, Dow-Jones merged the editorial operations of the Far Eastern Economic Reviewand the Asian Wall Street Journal in an attempt to cut costs. In 2004, the magazine ceased to exist as a weekly and was changed to a monthly publication with Hugo Restall as its editor. In September 2009, Dow-Jones, now a subsidiary of Murdoch’s News Corp, announced that the magazine will be shut down permanently.
Criticism of Dow-Jones
The magazine ceased publication in December, 2009 due to falling readership and advertising revenue.. This was the reason given by its owner, Dow-Jones. But insiders cite other reasons. “Every ex-Review staffer knows that its days were numbered the day Dow Jones bought it. The Asian Wall Street Journal never enjoyed the kind of readership and readers’ loyalty as that of the Review. And it wasn’t a secret that the Americans wanted the AWSJ to supplant the Review.” Philip Bowring pins the blame for the Review’s decline on Dow Jones. He says that its executives parachuted in from New York and wanted to homogenise the reporting. But according to Banyan, despite Dow Jones’ missteps, FEER‘s business model was based on advertising revenue which foundered when prosperity declined.
‘The decision to cease publication of the Review is a difficult one made after a careful study of the magazine’s prospects in a challenging business climate,’ said Todd Larsen, chief operating officer at Dow Jones Consumer Media Group. In 2004, Dow Jones fired most of FEER’s reporters and transformed it into a monthly publication. Articles were largely commissioned and only a skeleton editorial staff was retained. David Plott, FEER’s editor at the time, described the upheaval in 2004 as a loss of one of the ‘greatest concentrations of knowledge and expertise about the region assembled anywhere’.
Dow Jones proclaimed the savings from the death of FEER will “catapult the company’s growth in the burgeoning Asian marketplace.” As the magazine has been in a vegetative state since at least 2004 when it was made a monthly, it is hard to imagine the proceeds of closure catapulting anything anywhere.
‘Dow Jones’s marketing people didn’t know how to sell it as it competed with the Asian Wall Street Journal – they ignored it and killed it by sheer neglect,’ said VG Kulkarni, a former editor at the Review.
Prior to the formal closure in 2009, FEER died many deaths—in 1992 when Bowring was forced to resign as editor; in 2001 when it was merged with the Asian Wall Street Journal; in 2004 when it ceased as a weekly and was published as a monthly after being downsized to a staff of two. “The death of the Review came by a thousand cuts inflicted primarily by Karen House,” said Bowring in 2004: A succession of failed makeovers and revolving editors; the dumbing-down of the magazine in an effort to make it “more readable”; moving away from hard-hitting, controversial coverage of corporate and financial scandals; a shift from in-depth coverage of business and politics to soft-centred features of the sort that appear in airline magazines.
“The final insult to the Review, and indeed to Asia, was Dow Jones’ refusal to sell the title. It has had plenty of offers - which would benefit its own shareholders,” says Bowring, “There is a parallel here between Time and Asiaweek. Time bought locally-born Asiaweek even though it appeared to be in direct competition for readers and advertising. Not so long afterwards, Time closed Asiaweek rather than its ailing Time Asia. It was corporate imperialism more than commercial sense which brought Dow Jones to buy control of the Review, which was a direct competitor for niche regional advertising. It is clear that the closure of the Review, as of Asiaweek, represents an attack on diversity and further reduction in the variety of print media.”
“The magazine lost its way because people in New York thought they understood what the readers wanted more than those who were on the ground in Asia,” wrote Bowring in the South China Morning Post. Bowring claims that Ms. House infused FEER‘s editorials with the right wing and furiously pro-western sentiments of The Wall Street Journal.
Under its previous editor, Derek Davies, the Review had carved a name for itself for the excellence of its economic reporting, its refusal to be cowed and its wide-ranging book reviews. When Dow Jones took over the Review it introduced pompous “editorials”, indulged in numerous revisions to the format, each more disastrous than the last; brought in large numbers of American journalists and editors at the expense of well-established writers who knew the region; moved the focus from business and politics to “innovation” and “lifestyle”, neither of which was of interest to its core readership; and dramatically reduced the scope of the book review section. When Dow Jones took control of the magazine, efforts to introduce more lifestyle features sparked protests from Review loyalists - as did its decision to make it into a monthly rather than a weekly title.
“I don’t think Dow Jones ever understood what our culture was and they never really put in the effort to make the magazine succeed”, said John McBeth who joined the magazine in 1979. Dow Jones turned it into a snappy, happy, trend-conscious delight for the Internet age. It was a failed effort “to lure readers who presumably don’t care about thoughtful coverage of politics and economics but do want to know which wine goes with which chilli pepper”. The reporting staffs of the Review and the Asian Wall Street Journal were merged in 2001. More significantly, at that time the ad sales staffs of the two publications were also merged. Two senior correspondents said they had frequently been asked by executives at Asian corporations they covered why the magazine’s advertising staff were hard to reach and would often not return phone calls. “There was no effort put in,” said one. “They didn’t even try.”
TJS George, co-founder of Asiaweek, says, “In due course, Time Inc. killed Asiaweek and Dow Jones (now a Murdoch property) killed the Review. Murdoch-Dow’s Wall Street Journal and Time Inc.’s Time magazine now fly the American flag over Asia, unchallenged by lesser flags.”
The Review Legend
Pol Pot´s last interview with Nate Thayer, 1997
Derek Davies, editor during those glory years, and Richard Hughes, the Australian doyen of the Foreign Correspondents Club, were part of the Review legend. Davies, a hard-charging Welshman, defied numerous Asian governments and big businesses and provided a frontline forum for many talented reporters: Emily Lau, Gary Coull, Bertil Linter, David Bonavia, Ian Buruma, Nayan Chanda, Nate Thayer, Susumu Awanohara, Christopher Wood, Philip Bowring, as well as dissidents TJS George and late Mike O’Neill, who went on to launch rival, Asiaweek.
Other legends include the late MGG Pillai and Tarzie Vittachi and his son Nury Vittachi, who delighted thousands by keeping up a steady patter as the guiding light of “Traveller’s Tales”, its humour column. TJS George wrote a nasty little book taking a sceptical look at Lee Kuan Yew’s Singapore, and then founded Asiaweek. Alas that too went by the wayside eventually.
K. Nadarajah was felled with the enforced departure of a generation of some of the brightest from The Star, Malaysia’s most widely-read English language daily. The late K. Das did yeoman work as the Kuala Lumpur correspondent of the Review through the late 1970s and 1980s. Morgan Chua, a discovery of the Singapore Herald, took his cartooning skills to the Review after the Herald fell foul of Lee Kuan Yew & Co. (The brightest and the best always did.)
Ho Kwon Ping of the Singapore Times went on to the Review, and ended up being detained for his “pro-communist” reports. Anything nasty or sceptical was automatically labelled pro-communist in those days by Singapore’s Straits Special Branch. Canadian-born Murray Heibert, the Review’s Kuala Lumpur correspondent, was jailed for reporting that a judge’s wife filed a $2.4 million suit against her son’s school because the school dropped him from the its debating team. The Malaysian judicial system decided that Murray had besmirched the “honour” of the judiciary.
In its 60-plus years, the Review hammered away at the walls of Asian despotism, shining a light through the chinks. It was regularly banned, especially in Singapore. And it was regularly sued. Especially, of course, in Singapore where the political family of Lee, Lee, Lee & Lee brooked no interference. A press law was promulgated in Singapore because of the Review.
Its journalists have a long and honourable record of being locked up or expelled from countries throughout Asia for incurring the wrath of regional leaders whose sins or foibles it exposed.
Many of the magazine’s reporters came from Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States. But they were people who made Asia their home and whose clear-eyed reporting grew from a long and intense love affair with the region. They had a reputation for knowing the countries in which they worked better than any foreign correspondent and often with greater insight and better connections than local journalists.
In 1997, the Cambodian dictator Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge and author of the “killing fields” genocide, was interviewed by Nate Thayer, then the Review’s Cambodia correspondent. Pol Pot was in hiding for 18 years, and Nate was the first reporter to track him down. The story was an international sensation.
“For someone who grew up dreaming about swashbuckling journalists reporting from far-flung places, there was no greater model than the Far Eastern Economic Review,” wrote one journalist. The article recalls John McBeth who, battling Suharto’s oppressive regime in Indonesia, continued reporting even after losing a leg to disease. In 1975, FEER’s Calcutta-born Nayan Chanda was the last reporter left in the presidential palace in Saigon when North Vietnamese tanks broke through the palace gates and unplugged the telex, cutting Chanda off mid-broadcast.
Salil Tripathi, a former regional economics correspondent for the magazine, reminisces, “FEER was special because it stared back at Asia’s businesses and politicians at a time when few journalists in the region could speak truth to power. Some of FEER’s foreign correspondents were tried, jailed, expelled, harassed or followed; some were accused of sedition, contempt of court and defamation; its editors fined, its issues banned. Leaders resented the magazine because it would not bow or kowtow. An invading army might march in, but Nayan Chanda would continue to type his story till the North Vietnamese switched off power supply. Unfazed by the malarial jungle, Nate Thayer would not give up looking for Pol Pot. With calm forbearance, Bertil Lintner would bring the Myanmarese story to the world. Ian Buruma would cast light on culture, revealing nuances the region’s elite often preferred leaving unsaid. FEER’s intrepid financial reporters would figure out who hid what assets where. I remember the sleepless week in Jakarta when the Suharto regime tottered: Margot Cohen talking to people on the streets, John McBeth checking on troop movements, Michael Vatikiotis chasing politicians and academics, while I was with Anastasia Fanny Lioe in Glodok and Tangerang, where Chinese-owned shops and malls were burnt and ransacked, prompting ethnic Chinese people and capital to flee.”
The golden age of the Review was the 25 years from 1964 when former British spy in Vietnam, Derek Davies, was editor. His weekly “Traveller’s Tales” column is still some of the most delightful journalism of the last half century.
BBC reports that the closure will mark the end of an era for challenging journalism in Asia. Because of FEER’s independent reporting, many authoritarian governments used to black out its pages or ban it outright, the report said. “It was a tremendously exciting place to work,” said Philip Bowring, “It was the place where up-and-coming journalists would go, because they were given an opportunity to prove that they were good.”
Independent journalistic establishments
Besides qualified business reports, FEER was also the pioneer of independent journalistic establishments throughout Asia. Many of the articles from the first few decades were exclusive sources of information on the development of China, such as the report on Chairman Mao, the Cultural Revolution and the economic opening initiated by Deng Xiaoping. Despite the fact that journalists were not permitted to enter China during this period due to the era of authoritarian regimes, these covered events were still the core themes of the magazine.
Editorial
Editorial statement
For the first issue, the inaugurator, Mr Halpern, declared a brief but enduring Editorial Statement:
“The purpose of this weekly economic publication is to analyze and interpret financial, commercial and industrial developments; to collect economic news; and to present views and opinions with the intent to improve existing conditions. Politics and economics being connatural, it will be inevitable that this publication may at times appear to transgress its primary objective by reporting on, and dealing with, political affairs. At any time and in every case unbiased and dispassionate, factual and balanced reporting will be our aim and policy.“
September 2005 issue
Editorial stance
The Review aimed to report and analyze financial, commercial and industrial developments in the Southeast Asia and Pacific regions with specific emphasis on Hong Kong and China. It gathered the most incisive and provocative commentary in Asia through leaders from every ideological stripe, background and profession. Articles were selected according to their potential progress toward prosperity, security and well-being for all Asians. Besides free-lance contributions and viewpoints from professionals, FEER‘s journalists also traveled around the region reporting from their own perspective with the intention of improving the local economic and political zone.
Reports by FEER
FEER regularly published reports that covered key topics in Asia. These reports were informative and important to the marketers, businessmen and also academics.
“China’s Elite”(2003 Issue) was a yearly side-publication by the FEER. Focusing on China’s leading executives and their way of business, “China’s Elite” was often praised as a valuable source of information on statistics, expectations and objective analysis obtained through in-depth interviews with leading businessmen in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou.
The “Review 200″ (2003 Issue) was a tied publication by the Far Eastern Economic Review which ranked the top 200 leading businesses across Asia on an annual basis.
Published every two years since 1989 by FEER, “Managing in Asia” (2003 Issue) provided entrepreneurs with a clear description and explanation of Asia’s business position. The report offered valuable information in the aspects of economic outlook, business challenges and economic issues, personal investment, technology/office automation, brand perception, ownership of products, travel habits,etc.
The “Asia Lifestyles” (2002 Issue) was published in alternating years. It conducted surveys on business executives and questioned their lifestyles, habits and aspirations.
FEER regularly published special reports focused on topics that were relevant and significant to Asia. For example, a special report on HIV/AIDS epidemicwas published in its July 15, 2004 issue.
FEER regularly interviewed government officials and other important people who had an impact in the region and the business world. In the past, FEER has interviewed Colin Powell, the US former Secretary of State (issue date: 28 October 2004), Kofi Annan, the Secretary-General of United Nations (issue date: 22 July 2004), Chen Shui-bian, the Taiwanese President (issue date: 24 July 2003), Bill Gates, Chairman and co-founder of Microsoft (issue date: 14 March 2002), and many more influential people.
In 2002 and 2003, FEER was awarded the “Excellence in Specialized Reporting” by Society of Publishers in Asia (SOPA). In 2004, it was awarded the “Honourable Mention for Magazine Front Cover Design” by SOPA. In 2005, it was awarded the “Excellence in Magazines” and “Honorable Mention for Reporting on the Environment” by the SOPA.
Censorship of the FEER
In late 1970s, Ho Kwon Ping, the Review’s Singapore correspondent, was accused of endangering national security and fined $3,000. Lee Kuan Yew later charged FEER editor, Mr. Derek Davies, of participating in “a diabolical international Communist plot” to poison relations between Singapore and neighbouring Malaysia.
In the 1980s Lee banned the Review in Singapore after it published an article about the detention of Roman Catholic church workers.
The April 4, 2002 issue of FEER was banned in Bangladesh because its cover story, “Bangladesh: Cocoon of Terror”, described the country as besieged by “Islamic fundamentalism, religious intolerance, militant Muslim groups with links to international terrorist groups.”
In China the Review’s correspondent, Serge Ivanovitch Kost, was arrested during the Cultural Revolution and sentenced to 15 years’ imprisonment. He later emigrated to Australia.
In 2006, after the publication of an article on Dr. Chee Soon Juan, Singapore’s prime minister Lee Hsien Loong and his father and minister mentor, Lee Kuan Yew, sued the publication for defamation alleging the magazine had suggested they were corrupt. The Singapore government banned the sale and distribution of the journal, but the FEER website could be accessed.
Defamation judgment
On September 24, 2008, the High Court of Singapore, in a summary judgment by Justice Woo Bih Li, ruled that the Far Eastern Economic Review and Hugo Restall, its editor, defamed Lee Kuan Yew and his son, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong in its October 2006 article, “Singapore’s ‘Martyr’, Chee Soon Juan”. The article was based on an interview with Chee Soon Juan, an opposition party leader of the Singapore Democratic Party who battled the ruling People’s Action Party and its leaders. FEER appealed but lost the case when the Court of Appeal ruled in October, 2009 that the Far Eastern Economic Review did defame the country’s founder Lee Kuan Yew and his son Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. Decisions by the Appeal Court are final.
Awards presented by FEER
The Young Inventors Awards (YIA) which began in 2000, was organized by The Far Eastern Economic Review (FEER) in association with Hewlett-Packard (HP). The purpose of the Awards program was to foster a spirit of scientific invention and innovation among students in the Asia-Pacific regions, including China, Philippines, Singapore, India and Australia. Students who won the award were socially recognized and financially supported for their outstanding efforts and projects. FEER‘s annual Asian Innovation Awards was associated with Global Entrepolise @ Singapore, which honored Asia’s emerging Technopreneur. Candidates for this award were judged against their innovative proposal as well as technological and commercial potential.
See also
Newspapers in Hong Kong
Media of Hong Kong
References
^ abcd Philip Bowring, “Corporate Killing of Diversity” November, 2001.
^The Wall Street Journal September, 2009.
^ BBC News: Editor ‘defamed’ Singapore leader
^ abc James Borton, “Wall Street blow to Asian media” December, 2004.
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Alentisque is a municipality located in the province of Soria, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 43 inhabitants.
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Municipalities of Soria
Abejar ·Adradas ·Ágreda ·Alconaba ·Alcubilla de Avellaneda ·Alcubilla de las Peñas ·Aldealafuente ·Aldealices ·Aldealpozo ·Aldealseñor ·Aldehuela de Periáñez ·Alentisque·Aliud ·Almajano ·Almaluez ·Almarza ·Almazul ·Almazán ·Almenar de Soria ·Alpanseque ·Arancón ·Arcos de Jalón ·Arenillas ·Arévalo de la Sierra ·Ausejo de la Sierra ·Baraona ·Barca ·Barcones ·Bayubas de Abajo ·Bayubas de Arriba ·Beratón ·Berlanga de Duero ·Blacos ·Bliecos ·Borjabad ·Borobia ·Buberos ·Buitrago ·Burgo de Osma-Ciudad de Osma ·Cabrejas del Campo ·Cabrejas del Pinar ·Calatañazor ·Caltojar ·Candilichera ·Carabantes ·Caracena ·Carrascosa de Abajo ·Carrascosa de la Sierra ·Casarejos ·Castilfrío de la Sierra ·Castillejo de Robledo ·Castilruiz ·Cañamaque ·Centenera de Andaluz ·Cerbón ·Cidones ·Cigudosa ·Cihuela ·Ciria ·Cirujales del Río ·Coscurita ·Covaleda ·Cubilla ·Cubo de la Solana ·Cueva de Ágreda ·Deza ·Duruelo de la Sierra ·Dévanos ·El Royo ·Escobosa de Almazán ·Espeja de San Marcelino ·Espejón ·Estepa de San Juan ·Frechilla de Almazán ·Fresno de Caracena ·Fuentearmegil ·Fuentecambrón ·Fuentecantos ·Fuentelmonge ·Fuentelsaz de Soria ·Fuentepinilla ·Fuentes de Magaña ·Fuentestrún ·Garray ·Golmayo ·Gormaz ·Gómara ·Herrera de Soria ·Hinojosa del Campo ·La Losilla ·La Póveda de Soria ·La Riba de Escalote ·Langa de Duero ·Las Aldehuelas ·Liceras ·Los Rábanos ·Los Villares de Soria ·Magaña ·Maján ·Matalebreras ·Matamala de Almazán ·Medinaceli ·Miño de Medinaceli ·Miño de San Esteban ·Molinos de Duero ·Momblona ·Monteagudo de las Vicarías ·Montejo de Tiermes ·Montenegro de Cameros ·Morón de Almazán ·Muriel Viejo ·Muriel de la Fuente ·Nafría de Ucero ·Narros ·Navaleno ·Nepas ·Nolay (Soria) ·Noviercas ·Ólvega ·Oncala ·Pinilla del Campo ·Portillo de Soria ·Pozalmuro ·Quintana Redonda ·Quintanas de Gormaz ·Quiñonería ·Rebollar (Castiglia e Leon) ·Recuerda ·Rello ·Renieblas ·Retortillo de Soria ·Reznos ·Rioseco de Soria ·Rollamienta ·Salduero ·San Esteban de Gormaz ·San Felices ·San Leonardo de Yagüe ·San Pedro Manrique ·Santa Cruz de Yanguas ·Santa María de Huerta ·Santa María de las Hoyas ·Serón de Nágima ·Soliedra ·Soria ·Sotillo del Rincón ·Suellacabras ·Tajahuerce ·Tajueco ·Talveila ·Tardelcuende ·Taroda ·Tejado ·Torlengua ·Torreblacos ·Torrubia de Soria ·Trévago ·Ucero ·Vadillo ·Valdeavellano de Tera ·Valdegeña ·Valdelagua del Cerro ·Valdemaluque ·Valdenebro ·Valdeprado ·Valderrodilla ·Valtajeros ·Velamazán ·Velilla de la Sierra ·Velilla de los Ajos ·Viana de Duero ·Villaciervos ·Villanueva de Gormaz ·Villar del Ala ·Villar del Campo ·Villar del Río ·Villasayas ·Villaseca de Arciel ·Vinuesa ·Vizmanos ·Vozmediano ·Yanguas ·Yelo
Coordinates: 41°25?N2°20?W? / ?aerial photos, and other data for this location”>41.417°N 2.333°W? / 41.417; -2.333
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History of Hamas
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Main article: Hamas
The History of Hamas is an account of the Palestinian Sunni Islamic organization.
Contents
1Before 1987 — Palestinian Islamic activities prior to the creation of Hamas
21987 — The establishment of Hamas
31991 — The Persian Gulf war
41993 to 2005 — Suicide attacks by Hamas
52004 — A 10-year truce
62005 — Israel’s unilateral disengagement plan
7January 2006 — Winning the legislative election
7.1Political decisions and consequences on economy
7.2Last Fatah measures
7.3Hamas’ declarations since the 2006 legislative elections
7.4Cabinet formation
7.5Tensions between Fatah and Hamas
7.6Agreement and preservation of national unity
7.72006 Israel-Gaza conflict
7.82007 End-of-Truce with Israel
82007 takeover of Gaza Strip
9Brief timeline
10See also
11References
Before 1987 — Palestinian Islamic activities prior to the creation of Hamas
Sheikh Ahmed Yassin returned to Gaza from Cairo in the 1970s, where he set up Islamic charities, founding Hamas in 1987 as an offshoot of Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood. According to the Israeli weekly Koteret Rashit (October 1987), “The Islamic associations as well as the hadbeen supported and encouraged by the Israeli military authority” in charge of the (civilian) administration of the West Bank and Gaza. “They were authorized to receive money payments from abroad.” By the end of 1992, there were 600 mosques in Gaza. Hamas attracted members through preaching and charitable work before spreading its influence into trade unions, universities, bazaars, professional organizations and local government political races beginning in December 2004. “Thanks to Israel’s intelligence agency Mossad (Israel’s Institute for Intelligence and Special Tasks), the Islamists were allowed to reinforce their presence in the occupied territories. Meanwhile, the members of Fatah (Movement for the National Liberation of Palestine) and the Palestinian Left were subjected to the most brutal form of repression”, according to L’Humanité. Indeed Israel supported and encouraged Hamas’ early growth in an effort to undermine the secular Fatah movement of Yasser Arafat. According to UPI, Israel supported Hamas starting in the late 1970s as a “counterbalance to the Palestine Liberation Organization”. At that time, Hamas’s focus was on “religious and social work”. The grassroots movement concentrated on social issues such as exposing corruption, administration of waqf (trusts) and organizing community projects.
In a statement to the Israeli Parliament’s (the Knesset) Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee on Monday February 12, 2007, Israeli Prime minister Ehud Olmert said “Netanyahu established Hamas, gave it life, freed Sheikh Yassin and gave him the opportunity to blossom”.
1987 — The establishment of Hamas
The acronym “Hamas” first appeared in 1987 in a leaflet that accused the Israeli intelligence services of undermining the moral fiber of Palestinian youth as part of Mossad’s recruitment of what Hamas termed “collaborators”.
1991 — The Persian Gulf war
Between February and April 1988, Sheikh Ahmed Yassin raised several millions dollars from the Gulf states.. In prison since 1989, Yassin was released under “humanitarian reasons” by Prime Minister Netanyahu following a failed assassination attempt on Khaled Mashal, and expelled to Jordan, from where he was allowed to return to Gaza in October 1997. The Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, the military branch, was created a year before the Oslo Accords, in an attempt to block those negotiations.
From 1993 to 2005, Hamas carried out many suicide bombings in Israel, killing many Israeli civilians.
2004 — A 10-year truce
On January 26, 2004, senior Hamas official Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi offered a 10-year truce, or hudna, in return for a complete withdrawal by Israel from the territories captured in the Six Day War, and the establishment of a Palestinian state (it remade the same offer after winning the majority in the PLC, accepting the 2002 Arab Peace Initiative). Hamas leader Sheikh Ahmed Yassin stated that the group could accept a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Rantissi confirmed that Hamas had come to the conclusion that it was “difficult to liberate all our land at this stage, so we accept a phased liberation.” He said the truce could last 10 years, though “not more than 10 years”.
From the time of an attack on the Israeli southern town of Be’er Sheva in August 2004, in which 15 people were killed and 125 wounded, the truce was generally observed. Hamas violated once, in August 2005, with an attack on the same bus station, wounding seven, and in several attacks on Israeli motorists — killing six in several attacks.
In the end of January 2004, Steve Cohen, a US civil servant in the State Department, was mandated by Colin Powell to attend a meeting with Hamas officials, according to the French newspaper Le Canard enchaîné. The mission was not only in informing itself about the objectives of the movement, according to the newspaper, but also to evaluate if Hamas could represent a counter-balance to al-Qaeda. In exchange, Hamas officials asked for the end of extrajudicial “targeted assassinations” practiced against them by the Israeli military.
While the group boycotted the 2005 Palestinian presidential election, it did participate in the 2005 municipal elections organized by Yasser Arafat in the occupied territories. In those elections it won control of over one third of Palestinian municipal councils, besting Fatah, which has traditionally been “the biggest force in Palestinian politics”. With this electoral success behind it, Hamas contested the 2006 elections for the Palestinian Legislative Council as the main component of the List of Change and Reform.
2005 — Israel’s unilateral disengagement plan
In 2004, in a prelude to Israel’s unilateral disengagement plan from the Gaza Strip, Israeli forces carried out a number of military attacks on Gaza cities and refugees camps, seeking to draw out and kill Hamas-affiliated gunmen. Awareness of high casualties during such incursions has led the Hamas leadership to instruct its activists to avoid putting themselves needlessly in the line of fire. On 12 September 2005 IDF withdrew from the Gaza Strip and declared an official end to Israeli military rule in Gaza, though Israel still retains control of the airspace and of the sea. However, the Palestinan Authority argues that the occupation is on-going, as complete sovereignty includes control of both airspace and seaways. The Gaza strip has been called a “lawless open-air prison”.
Hamas claimed that this unilateral withdrawal was a victory for its armed struggle and pledged to liberate all the occupied territories, including the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Fatah, on the other hand, viewed Ariel Sharon’s unilateral plan as proof of the Palestinians’ failure to obtain international recognition. Both criticized the disengagement plan, citing Sharon’s simultaneous encouragement of Israeli settlements in the West Bank, including Ma’ale Adummim, a large settlement east of Jerusalem.
In April 2005, an advisor of Benjamin Netanyahu, principal right-wing opponent of Ariel Sharon, secretly negotiated with a Hamas representant, according to the Le Canard enchaîné. The meeting was about the “possibility of an administrative co-gestion with the Hamas in the occupied territories”, which is already the case in some Hamas-controlled cities of the West Bank, according to the French newspaper, which continues saying that: “But, in both sides, participants to such a dialogue keeps their mouth shut (bouche cousue). It is impossible to admit that one has met and negotiated with his sworn enemy.”
January 2006 — Winning the legislative election
Wikinews has related news: Hamas wins Palestinian election
While Hamas had boycotted the January 2005 presidential election, during which Mahmoud Abbas was elected to replace Yasser Arafat, it did participate in the municipal elections held between January and May 2005, in which it took control of Beit Lahia and Rafah in the Gaza Strip and Qalqilyah in the West Bank. The January 2006 legislative elections marked another victory for Hamas, which gained the majority of seats, defeating the ruling Fatah party. The “List of Change and Reform”, as Hamas presented itself, obtained 42.9% of the vote and 74 of the 132 seats.
Political decisions and consequences on economy
Further information: Palestinian economy
The result of the election was regarded as a major setback for governments attempting to mediate the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The George W. Bush administration immediately declared that it will not deal with Hamas until it renounces its support of suicide bombings and violence, and accepts Israel’s right to exist. Israeli president Moshe Katsav and Israel’s ex–prime minister Shimon Peres both said that, if Hamas will accept Israel’s right to exist and give up violence, Israel should negotiate with the organization. President Vladimir Putin said that Russia would not support any efforts to cut off financial assistance to the Palestinians, stating that Hamas gained power by democratic means. He invited some Hamas leaders to Moscow beginning of March 2006, and in May, repeated that cutting funds to the Hamas was a “mistake”.
Main article: Hamas-Russian Negotiation
The US and the EU cut all funds to the Palestinian Authority, with only Russia warning against the potential dangers of cutting out the PA from any western support. The EU (which gives $500 million per year to the PA) announced that future aid to the Palestinians was tied to “Three Principles” outlined by the international community — Hamas must renounce violence, it must recognize Israel’s right to exist and it must express clear support for the Middle East peace process, as outlined in the 1993 Oslo Accords. Hamas does not seem to be ready to accept such conditions, and rejected them as “unfair”. At best, they would be ready to accept the Arab Peace Initiative formulated on March 28, 2002 during the Arab League Beirut Summit: full normalization of relations with Israel in exchange for Israeli withdrawal to the 1967 internationally recognized borders, implying Israeli evacuation of the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, east Jerusalem, the Golan Heights and the return of all Palestinian refugees and their descendants. Furthermore, the US has imposed a financial blockade on the PA’s banks, impeding some of the Arab League’s funds (e.g. Saudi Arabia and Qatar) from being transferred to the PA.
Israel, on the other side, decided to cut transfers of the $55 million tax-receipts of the PA that it receives on the PA’s behalf, since the PA doesn’t have any access point to receive taxes. On February 19, 2006, interim Israeli Prime minister Ehud Olmert, who called the PA a “terrorist authority”, decided to stop transfer of the $55 million tax-receipts to the PA, which accounts for a third of the PA’s budget (two thirds of its proper budget) and insure the wages of 165 000 Palestinian civil servants (among them 60 000 security and police officers). Israel had already done that in 1991 and 1992, but international aid had covered up the budgetary losses. Israel also decided to increase controls on check-points, but finally decided against blocking Palestinians from commuting between Gaza and the West Bank and from prohibiting them to work in Israel. Criticizing these measures, moderate Labor leader Amir Peretz said that they were “indirect ways” to “get around Hamas and strengthen moderate forces” among the Palestinians.
In May 2006, following a World Bank report about the Palestinian economy, the Quartet on the Middle East (the United States, Russia, European Union, and the United Nations) agreed to transfer funds directly to the Palestinian population. Israeli minister of foreign affairs, Tzipi Livni, said the measure was “acceptable”, while PA minister of foreign affairs, Mahmoud Zahar, welcomed the promise of aid but criticised attempts to bypass the PA: “We appreciate every effort in order to help the Palestinian people by legal channels… and the legal channel is the Palestinian Authority, whether the presidency or the government,”.
The World Bank had already compared the 2001 and 2002 economic recession, due to the Second Intifada and Israel’s refusal to transfer tax receipts, to the 1929 economic crisis. The UN underlined that unemployment, which was estimated to 23% in 2005, would increase to 39% in 2006, while poverty, estimated at 44%, would increase to 67% in 2006. According to a World Bank report published on May 7, 2006, the delay in paying the PA’s civil servants — whom haven’t received their wages since March 2006 — is dangerous both on social and security plans. This convinced the United States to accept the EU proposal, supported by Russia and the Arab countries, of finding a way to transfer funds to the Palestinian society without passing by the Palestinian Authority. The Quartet on the Middle East thus accepted, on May 9, 2006, an “international temporary mechanism of limited range and length”
Last Fatah measures
Before the Israeli decision to cut transfer of tax receipts, Palestinian Assembly passed legislation giving to the Palestinian President, Mahmoud Abbas, the power to appoint a court that could veto legislation passed by the new Hamas-led parliament to be sworn in start of February. The constitutional court would veto legislation deemed in violation of the Palestinians’ Basic Law, a forerunner to the Palestinian constitution. Palestinian deputies also backed a decree that automatically makes members of the incoming parliament members of the Palestine Liberation Organization’s (PLO) parliament in exile. Unlike the Hamas charter, the PLO charter recognises the legitimacy of Israel.
Hamas’ declarations since the 2006 legislative elections
Although Hamas omitted its call for the destruction of Israel from its election manifesto, calling instead for “the establishment of an independent state whose capital is Jerusalem,” several Hamas candidates insisted that the charter remains in force.
On February 8, Hamas head Khaled Mashal speaking in Cairo had clarified that “Anyone who thinks Hamas will change is wrong”.
However, on February 13, 2006, in an interview in Russian newspaper Nezavisimaya Gazeta, the same Khaled Mashal declared that Hamas would stop armed struggle against Israel if it recognized the 1967 borders, withdrew itself from all Palestinian occupied territories (including the West Bank and East Jerusalem) and recognized Palestinian rights that would include the “right of return”. This was the first time that Hamas even talked about an eventual stop to armed struggle. But Mashal continued to refuse to acknowledge the Road map for peace, adopted by the Quartet in June 2003, “since nobody respects it”. The Road map projected the establishment of an independent Palestinian state in 2005. The Palestinian Authority’s Al-Hayat Al-Jadeeda conducted a poll in 2006 that showed that 84% of Palestinians support a peace deal with Israel, based on the responses of “863 Palestinians from the Gaza Strip and West Bank,” and that more than 75% of the peace-deal supporters voted for Hamas.
In April 2006, Henry Siegman, former director of the American Jewish Committee, stated that according to “a prominent senior member of Hamas’s Political Committee” Hamas is prepared to explicitly recognize the state of Israel. “Members of Hamas’s political directorate do not preclude significant changes over time in their policies toward Israel and in their founding charter, including recognition of Israel, and even mutual minor border adjustments. Such changes depend on Israel’s recognition of Palestinian rights. Hamas will settle for nothing less than full reciprocity.” These sentiments “are in striking contrast to the odiousness of Hamas’s founding charter,” said Siegman.
In May 2006, Hamas leaders threatened a new Intifada, as well as to decapitate anyone who tried to bring down their cabinet.
Cabinet formation
Palestinian Prime Minister Ahmed Qurei and his cabinet resigned, leaving Hamas to form a new government, which was completely formed on March 20. On February 19, Hamas had chosen Ismail Haniya as Prime minister of the PA, and on the same day the government of Israel decided counter-measures against the new Hamas-led Palestinian Authority (suspension of $55 million transfer of tax-receipts). After the victory, Israeli human rights organizations have called on Hamas to stop its terror campaign against civilians and to avoid using violence as a tool to achieve a political solution.
On March 20, 2006, Hamas unveiled its full cabinet list, placing loyal members in charge of all key ministries; of the 24 ministers appointed, the majority were Hamas (the others were independent or technocrats). Mahmoud Abbas’ Fatah refused to join the Hamas government. The position of foreign minister was given to Mahmoud al-Zahar, a Gazan leader and target of previous assassination attempts by Israel. Saeed Seyam, another Hamas leader, was appointed interior minister, in charge of multiple security agencies. Hamas member and engineer Ala el-Deen Al-Araj was appointed economics minister. The position of finance minister was given to Omar Abdel-Razeq, Hamas election official and economics professor from the West Bank.
In his interview to The Sunday Telegraph, the newly appointed chief of the Palestinian security services Jamal Abu Samhadana stated: “We have only one enemy. They are Jews. We have no other enemy. I will continue to carry the rifle and pull the trigger whenever required to defend my people.” However, president Mahmoud Abbas retained official control over the Palestinian security services.
Tensions between Fatah and Hamas
Main article: Palestinian factional violence
Since the formation of the Hamas cabinet on March 20, 2006, tensions have progressively risen in the Gaza strip between Fatah and Hamas militants. In May 2006, The Sunday Times reported that Israeli security sources claimed they had uncovered a Hamas plot to assassinate president Mahmoud Abbas. This was officially denied by a Hamas spokesman, while Mahmoud Abbas’ spokesman, Nabil Abu Rudeina, described the report as “totally untrue”. On May 8, three Palestinians were killed and 10 wounded in clashes in southern Gaza, near Khan Yunis, between rival Hamas and Fatah gunmen. The PA, confronted to the Quartet’s blockade and Israel’s refusal to hand out the $55 million in monthly tax revenues impedes it from paying its 165,000 employees. On May 6 and 7, hundreds of Palestinians demonstrated in Gaza and the West Bank demanding payment of their wages. Although this inter-Palestinian incident had been one of the most serious since January, 2006, tension had been slowly risen with the “economic squeeze” on the PA.
Twelve people were killed during the first days of October 2006 in armed clashes between Fatah, and the Hamas Interior ministry police. These clashes started when the interior ministry militia forcibly dispersed a gathering of Policemen demonstrating against unpaid wages. The Fatah affliliated Al-Asqa brigades have threatened to assassinate Hamas leaders including Khaled Meshal, Saeed Seyam and Youssef al-Zahar. The Al-Asqa brigade kidnapped but then released a senior official in the Finance ministry.
Agreement and preservation of national unity
On June 27, Hamas and Fatah reached an agreement on the prisoners’ document, which included the forming of a national unity government.
On February 8, 2007, Hamas and Fatah signed a deal to end factional warfare that has killed nearly 200 Palestinians and to form a coalition, hoping this would lead Western powers to lift crippling sanctions imposed on the Hamas-led government.
2006 Israel-Gaza conflict
Main article: 2006 Israel-Gaza conflict
On June 9, during or shortly after an Israeli operation, an explosion occurred on a busy Gaza beach, killing eight Palestinian civilians. It was initially assumed that Israeli shellings were responsible for the killings, although Israeli government officials later denied this. Prompted by the recent events Hamas formally withdrew from its 16-month ceasefire on June 10, and took responsibility for the ongoing Qassam rocket attacks being launched from Gaza into Israel.
On June 24, Israeli operatives apprehended Osama and Mustafa Muamar in the Gaza Strip, alleged by Israel to be Hamas members. On June 25, a Hamas attack in Israel resulted in the deaths of two Israeli soldiers and the capture of Israeli Corporal Gilad Shalit. Israel then launched Operation Summer Rains on June 28 to recover the captured soldier. The ongoing operation initially consisted of heavy bombardment of bridges, roads, and the only power station in Gaza. Several PA facilities were also bombed, such as the Palestinian Interior Ministry and the office of the Palestinian Prime Minister Ismail Haniya.
On June 29, Israel captured 64 Hamas officials. Amongst them were eight Palestinian Authority cabinet ministers and up to twenty members of the Palestinian Legislative Council, as well as heads of regional councils, and the mayor of Qalqilyah and his deputy. At least a third of the Hamas cabinet was captured and held by Israel. On 6 August Israeli forces detained the Hamas’ Speaker of the Palestinian Legislative Council, Aziz Dweik, at his home in the West Bank.
In November 2006, a 64-year-old woman executed a suicide bombing mission, killing herself and slightly injuring 2 Israeli soldiers. Hamas claimed responsibility and its spokesman, Abu Obeida declared that “both Palestinian men and women are committed to battling the Israelis”.
2007 End-of-Truce with Israel
On April 24, 2007 “six rockets were launched from Gaza , two of which landed in Israel”. According to Bloomberg news, Palestinians said the rockets were in response to Israeli military action over the previous weekend which had “killed as many as eight people in the West Bank, where there is no cease-fire, and one in Gaza.” Most of the dead were militants, but Palestinians said at least two civilians, including a 17-year-old girl, were killed. Hamas announced that it considered the truce to be over.
The rocket attack, which came on Israel’s 59th Independence Day, caused no damage or injury. However, it marked the first time Hamas openly acknowledged firing shells toward Israel since agreeing to a cease-fire along the Gaza-Israel border in November.
Abu Ubeida, a spokesman for Hamas’ armed wing, told foreign journalists that “there is no truce between us and the occupation, the occupation destroyed the truce from the moment it started, we did not trust the intentions of the occupation from the beginning.” Abu Ubeida told the Voice of Palestine radio station that “the cease-fire has been over for a long time, and Israel is responsible for that.” “This is a message to the Zionist enemy that our strikes will continue,” Abu Obeida said of the rocket fire. “We are ready to kidnap more and more, and kill more and more of your soldiers.”
Israeli soldier Cpl. Gilad Shalit’s kidnappers demand the release of hundreds of Palestinian prisoners, including veterans and those involved in killing or wounding Israelis.
Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert said on April 23, 2007 that freeing soldiers is important to the government, but that it would not repeat “mistakes made in the past” by releasing violent prisoners who then carried out more attacks against Israelis. But Olmert said there would be “no escape in the end from making a difficult decision” on trading prisoners for the captured Israeli troops.
Hamas militants stated on April 24, 2007 that they had launched 40 rockets and 70 mortar shells. The Israeli military said it could confirm six rockets and eight mortars. Two of the rockets fell in Israel, north of the Gaza Strip, the Israeli army said - they added that the attack was a diversion for an attempt by Hamas gunmen to kidnap IDF soldier.
2007 takeover of Gaza Strip
Main article: Battle for Gaza (2007)
In June, renewed fighting broke out between Hamas and Fatah. As of June 14, 2007, the current Palestinian government has been dissolved. President Mahmoud Abbas has dismissed the Hamas-led Palestinian Authority government. .
There was a brief war in which Fatah was completely routed, and the Palestinian Authority was effectively split in two, with Hamas in complete control of Gaza and Fatah in control of the West Bank. After executing some Fatah fighters, the Hamas leadership announced an amnesty. However, it is reported that people were still being killed, as of June 16.
Brief timeline
1984 Arrest of Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, sentenced to 12 years of prison after the discovery of an arms cache. Yassin is freed the next year.
1987 Creation of Hamas by Sheikh Ahmed Yassin.
1987–1993 First Intifada.
1988 Hamas Covenant.
1989 Israel outlaws Hamas and imprisons Sheikh Ahmed Yassin.
1991 Gulf War.
1992 Creation of the military branch Izz ad-Din al-Qassam.
1993 Oslo Accords.
April 1993. First Hamas suicide bombing at Mehola Junction.
Palestinian legislative and presidential election, 1996. Hamas boycotts them, allowing Fatah, led by Yasser Arafat, a large victory.
January 5, 1996. Assassination of Yahya Ayyash, Hamas bomb maker.
February-March 1996. 47 Israelis killed in three different bombings.
October 1997. Freed by Prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu for “humanitarian reasons” (actually, due to the botched assassination attempt on Khaled Mashal, in September 25, 1997 by the Mossad in Jordan, a deal was brokered by Bill Clinton between Israel and Jordan) Sheikh Yassin is acclaimed as a hero on his return to Gaza.
March 1998 - Death of Mohiyedine Sharif, master bombmaker
September 2000. Beginning of Al-Aqsa Intifada.
July 2002. Assassination of Salah Shahade, leader of the Ezzedeen-al-qassam brigades.
March 8, 2003 Israel assassinate Ibrahim al-Makadmeh, a leader of the Hamas’s military wing. 3 other men are also killed
January 6, 2004. 10 year truce (hudna) offered by senior Hamas official Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi in exchange of Israel’s complete withdrawal to the 1967 borders.
March 22, 2004, assassination of Sheikh Yassin. Yassin, then an old man restricted to a wheel-chair due to his life-long paralysis was assassinated in an Israeli missile strike. Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi replaced him as the leader of Hamas. On March 28, Rantissi stated in a speech given at The Islamic University in Gaza that “America declared war against God. Sharon declared war against God, and God declared war against America, Bush and Sharon” .
April 17, 2004, assassination of Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi. Rantissi was also assassinated in an air strike by the Israeli Air Force, five hours after a fatal suicide bombing by Hamas. Khaled Mashal, the leader of Hamas in Syria, said Hamas should not disclose the name of its next leader in Gaza.
April 18, 2004, Hamas secretly selected a new leader in the Gaza Strip, fearing he would be killed if his identity were made public. However, it was speculated that the new leader is Mahmoud al-Zahar; the second-in-command, Ismail Haniya; and third-in-command, Said Seyam.
September 2004. Israeli army Chief of Staff Moshe Ya’alon said that Israel would “deal with those who support terrorism”, including those in “terror command posts in Damascus”.
September 26, 2004. Assassination of Izz El-Deen Sheikh Khalil. Sheikh Khalil was assassinated by a car bomb in Damascus, Syria. Khalil was described variously as “mid-level”, “senior”, a “distinguished member”, and believed to be in charge of the group’s military wing outside the Palestinian territories. Although the Israeli government offered no official confirmation, anonymous Israeli officials acknowledged responsibility for the attack. In a statement released in Gaza, Hamas threatened to target Israelis abroad in retaliation.
October 2004. Assassination of Adnan al-Ghoul, assistant of Mohammed Deif, the leader of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam brigades.
November 11, 2004. Death of Yasser Arafat, chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and president of the Palestinian National Authority.
January 2005 Palestinian presidential election. Hamas boycotts them. PLO chairman Mahmoud Abbas elected to replace Yasser Arafat.
Palestinian municipal elections, January-May 2005. Relative success of Hamas, which took control of Beit Lahia in northern Gaza, Qalqilyah in the West Bank and Rafah.
March 2005. Hamas proclaims tahdiyah, a period of calm.
January 25, 2006. Victory of the Hamas at the legislative election, which took 74 seats of the 132 seats.
June 13, 2007. Hamas begins a takeover of Gaza, ending the coalition with Fatah.
See also
Hamas
Israel-Palestinian conflict
References
^(English)/(French)“Hamas is a creation of Mossad (English translation)”. L’Humanité. Summer 2002. http://globalresearch.ca/articles/ZER403A.html. Retrieved 2006-05-02.; French original version: “Hamas, le produit du Mossad”. L’Humanité. December 14, 2001. http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2001-12-14/2001-12-14-255050. Retrieved 2006-05-03.
^ abcLes très secrètes ‘relations’ Israël-Hamas (The very secret Israel-Hamas ‘relations’), Le Canard Enchaîné, February 1, 2006 (issue n°4449) (French)
^ “Hamas history tied to Israel”, United Press Internationalhttp://www.upi.com/Security_Industry/2002/06/18/Analysis_Hamas_history_tied_to_Israel/UPI-82721024445587/print/, June 18, 2002
^“Olmert accuses Netanyahu of creating Hamas”. http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1170359844280&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull.
^ abcde(French)“Le Quartet cherche une solution à la banqueroute palestinienne”. Le Monde. May 9, 2006. http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3218,36-769645,0.html. Retrieved 2006-05-09.
^“Deadly Hebron cell caught”. Y Net News. February 6, 2006. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3211836,00.html.
^“Shin Bet cracks Hamas terror cell”. The Jerusalem Post. February 6, 2006. http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1138622559871&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull.
^“Hamas success in Fatah heartland”. BBC News. May 13, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4541383.stm. Retrieved January 5, 2010.
^Joel Beinin (February 8, 2006). “Breakthrough or Blockade in Middle East Peace Process? Why Hamas won, and why negotiations must resume”. San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2006/02/08/EDGURH4I5P1.DTL.
^“Israel: Sharon the blessed”. Le Monde Diplomatique. February 2006. http://mondediplo.com/2006/02/03sharon.
^ The CEC announces the final results of the second PLC elections
^ ab“Une bouffée d’oxygène pour les Palestiniens”. RFI. May 10, 2006. http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/077/article_43622.asp. Retrieved 2006-05-10.(French)
^ “Hamas rejects ‘unfair’ aid demand”, BBC News, January 31, 2006
^ “Palestinians to get interim aid”, BBC News, May 10, 2006
^“Palestinian Parliament Gives New Power”. The Washington Post. February 13, 2006. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/13/AR2006021300259.html?sub=AR.
^“Outgoing MPs boost Abbas’ power”. BBC News. February 13, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4708820.stm. Retrieved January 5, 2010.
^“Hamas drops call for destruction of Israel from manifesto”. The Guardian. January 12, 2006. http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,2763,1684472,00.html.
^“Hamas: Ceasefire for return to 1967 border”. Y Net News. January 30, 2006. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3207845,00.html.
^“Hamas offers deal if Israel pulls out”. The Telegraph. 2006-02-09. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/02/09/wmid09.xml&sSheet=/news/2006/02/09/ixworld.html.
^“Hamas will end armed struggle if Israel quits territories — leader”. AFX News Limited. February 12, 2006. http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2006/02/12/afx2519867.html.
^“75% of Hamas voters oppose destruction of Israel”. The Jerusalem Post. January 31, 2006. http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1138622512446&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull.
^ Hamas: The Last Chance for Peace? By Henry Siegman, New York Review of Books, April 27, 2006
^ Abu Toameh, Khaled. Hamas armed force readies for action, The Jerusalem Post, May 6, 2006.
^“Hamas unveils Palestinian cabinet list”. Reuters. March 20, 2006. http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L20387227.htm.
^“‘Jews are our enemy. I will pull the trigger whenever required’”. The Daily Telegraph. 2006-04-23. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/04/23/whamas23.xml.
^ ab“Three die in Fatah-Hamas clashes”. BBC News. May 8, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4983510.stm. Retrieved 2006-05-08.
^ Mahnaimi, Uzi. Israel foils plot to kill Palestinian president, The Sunday Times, May 7, 2006.
^ “Un complot visant Abbas aurait été déjoué grace aux Israéliens”, L’Orient-Le Jour, May 8, 2006.
^ Saud Abu Ramadan and David Rosenberg. Palestinians Reach Accord on Forging Unity Government”. Bloomberg, February 9, 2007.
^“Death on the Beach: Seven Palestinians killed as Israeli shells hit family picnic”. The Guardian. 2006-06-10. http://www.guardian.co.uk/frontpage/story/0,,1794536,00.html.
^ BBC NEWS | Middle East | Israel captures pair in Gaza raid
^“ISRAELIS, PALESTINIANS URGED TO ‘STEP BACK FROM THE BRINK’, AVERT FULL-SCALE CONFLICT, AS SECURITY COUNCIL DEBATES EVENTS IN GAZA”. UN. 2006-06-30. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/sc8768.doc.htm.
^ Suicide bomber was grandmother aged 64
^“Hamas Rockets Hit Israel for First Time Since Truce”. bloomberg.com. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=ahPBbAK03DMs&refer=home. Retrieved 2007-04-24.
^“Sources: IDF to limit its response to rocket barrage”. Haaretz Service and Reuters. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/851758.html. Retrieved 2007-04-24.
^“Hamas fires rockets at Israel”. ynetnews.com. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3391429,00.html. Retrieved 2007-04-24.
^“Hamas fighters end Israel truce”. BBC. April 24, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6586905.stm. Retrieved 2007-04-24.
^ ab Hamas claims end to truce, fires rockets at Israel USA Today 2007-04-24
^“Next Hamas Leader Confirmed”. Arutz Sheva. April 26, 2004. http://www.israelnn.com/news.php3?id=61435.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Hamas”
Categories: Hamas | Muslim BrotherhoodHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007
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Adlai E. Stevenson College is a residential college at the University of California, Santa Cruz. It was founded in 1966, only a year after the university was established. Currently, the college is host to the Linguistics Department, as well as many humanities faculty.
The college was named after Adlai Stevenson, an American politician and United Nations ambassador. The college was founded in 1966, a year after the establishment of the university and its first college, Cowell.
Contents
1The core course
2Living at Stevenson
3Community at Stevenson
4References
5External links
The core course
The core course at Stevenson College is Self & Society. It is the only two-quarter long core course at the university and students can earn up to five general education requirements.
The course holds an emphasis on analytical writing, critical thinking, and oral presentation skills. Due to the broad nature of the course, students find themselves learning about and discussing religion, political theory, social criticism, and literature. Some texts that the course includes are the Bible, the Bhagavad Gita, the Koran, Plato’s Five Dialogues, The Autobiography of Malcom X, Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein, The Communist Manifesto, Persepolis, and much more. Students enjoy the small seminar sections, to discuss many ideas relating to “self” and “society.”
Living at Stevenson
At Stevenson College, there are eight dormitory houses that are separated into two adjacent locations: “upper quad” and “lower quad.” Each house contains single, double, and triple rooms, and can house approximately 60 students. Stevenson College also has apartments that are an option for non-freshman undergraduate students. They house approximately 136 students, and come fully furnished.
The knoll, which has one of the most spectacular views of the Monterey Bay from campus, is a popular hangout for all Stevenson students. It is common to see students studying, napping, and sun bathing on the knoll at any given time during the year.
The Stevenson Coffee House is also another popular hangout where students and professors can eat, socialize, and study. If that environment is too distracting however, students have found that the Stevenson Library is a great, quiet location to work on papers and do any late night assignments they might have.
Finally, Stevenson College is also located just above the university’s gym and pool, giving its students easy access to an excellent workout facility.
Community at Stevenson
Stevenson College holds many events for its community as well. College Night happens two to three times a quarter, where students enjoy specially themed meals with some type of live entertainment. Open Mic Nights at the Stevenson Coffee House are also a fun event that occurs several times a month. Anybody can sign up, and many students perform songs, recite poetry, or even perform magic tricks. The Resident Assistants (RAs) at Stevenson College also host many events each quarter that everybody is invited to participate in.
References
^ About Adlai E. Stevenson
City On a Hill Press. Jan 2009 ed.
External links
Stevenson College home page
UC Santa Cruz home page
UCSC statistics by residential college
v•d•e
University of California, Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz, California
Colleges
& Schools
Cowell College ·Stevenson College·Crown College ·Merrill College ·Porter College ·Kresge College ·Oakes College ·College Eight ·College Nine ·College Ten ·Baskin School of Engineering
Research
& Services
Lick Observatory ·W. M. Keck Observatory ·Arboretum ·NASA Ames Research Center UARC ·Silicon Valley Initiatives ·Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics ·Long Marine Laboratory ·Shakespeare Santa Cruz ·New Teacher Center ·UC Police Department ·UCSC Fire Department ·UC Students Association ·Women of Color Film Festival ·History of Consciousness ·McHenry Library ·Long Range Development Plan
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenson_College”
Categories: University of California, Santa Cruz | University of California, Santa Cruz colleges
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Alicia is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Isabela, Philippines. According to the latest census, it has a population of 61,447 people in 11,413 households.
Contents
1Barangays
2History
3Major Schools
4External links
5References
Barangays
Alicia is politically subdivided into 34 barangays.
Amistad
Antonino (Pob.)
Apanay
Aurora
Bagnos
Bagong Sikat
Bantug-Petines
Bonifacio
Burgos
Calaocan (Pob.)
Callao
Dagupan
Inanama
Linglingay
M.H. del Pilar
Mabini
Magsaysay (Pob.)
Mataas na Kahoy
Paddad
Rizal
Rizaluna
Salvacion
San Antonio (Pob.)
San Fernando
San Francisco
San Juan
San Pablo
San Pedro
Santa Cruz
Santa Maria
Santo Domingo
Santo Tomas
Victoria
Zamora
History
Alicia used to be the old town of Angadanan until the new Angadanan was relocated in 1776 to its current location near the Angadanan Creek. Alicia is known for its old Castilian architectural church as tourists destination. Passing by Angadanan town on February 12, 1805, Fr. Manuel Mora, OP wrote that “Angadanan has a convent of bricks, though not totally finished. Its church is timber, wood and bamboo. The number of inhabitants is 791.” Fr. Tomas Calderon (OP) started building the present church that was inaugurated in 1849 and dedicated to the Nuestra Senora de Atocha, more popularly known as Our Lady of Atocha. The old Angadanan was renamed in 1949 in honor of then President Elpidio Quirino’s wife: Dona Alicia Syquia Quirino.
Major Schools
NELA-ST(North East Luzon Adventist-School of Technology)
SOLA(School of Our Lady of Atocha)
Dalton Academy
Philippine Normal University
External links
Philippine Standard Geographic Code
1995 Philippine Census Information
2000 Philippine Census Information
2007 Philippine Census Information
References
^“Things to Do and see in Isabela”. http://www.da-isabela.com/history.html. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
Wilton Township is located in Will County, Illinois. The population was 819 at the 2000 census.
Geography
There are small towns of Wilton Center, Wilton, and Wallingford. There used to be a small town of Pierce. Major roads are Wilmington-Peotone Rd., Route 52., Elevator Rd., Tulley Rd., and Cedar Rd.
School
Wilton Township is so small that it has no school district. The only school is a smallelementary called Wilton Center Elementary School. It houses K - 4th grades. It is a part of Peotone Community School District 207 - U.
External links
US Census
City-data.com
Will County Official Site
Illinois State Archives
v•d•e
Municipalities and communities of
Will County, Illinois
County seat: Joliet
Cities
Aurora‡ |Braidwood |Crest Hill |Joliet‡ |Lockport |Naperville‡ |Wilmington
Andres |Ballou |Custer Park |Eagle Lake |Goodenow |Lorenzo |Polk |Ritchie |Stateville |Wilton |Wilton Center
Footnotes
‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
v•d•e
State of Illinois
Springfield (capital)
Topics
History ·Economy ·Geography ·Government ·People ·Portal ·Visitor Attractions ·Windmills
Regions
American Bottom ·Central Illinois ·Champaign–Urbana Metropolitan Area ·Chicago metropolitan area ·Driftless Area ·Forgottonia ·Fox Valley ·Illinois–Indiana–Kentucky Tri-State Area ·Little Egypt ·Metro?East (St. Louis) ·Mississippi Alluvial Plain ·North Shore ·Northern Illinois ·Northwestern Illinois ·Peoria metropolitan area ·Quad Cities ·River Bend ·Rockford metropolitan area ·Wabash Valley
Major cities
Aurora ·Belleville ·Bloomington/Normal ·Carbondale ·Champaign/Urbana ·Charleston ·Chicago ·Danville ·Decatur ·DeKalb ·East St. Louis ·Elgin ·Evanston ·Freeport ·Galesburg ·Joliet ·Kankakee ·Mattoon ·Moline/Rock Island ·Naperville ·Peoria ·Quincy ·Rockford ·Springfield ·Waukegan
This Will County, Illinois location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilton_Township,_Will_County,_Illinois”
Categories: Townships in Will County, Illinois | Chicagoland geography stubsHidden categories: Infobox US maintenance
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This page was last modified on 23 December 2009 at 23:33.
Ulf Lindstrom (b. November 12, 1947 in Stockholm, Sweden) is a Swedish theoretical physicist working in the fields of string theory, supersymmetry, and general relativity.
He earned his fil. kand. university degree at Stockholm University in 1972 and continued under the supervision of Bertel Laurent with doctoral studies. The title of his PhD thesis was “Extensions of general relativity: scalar tensor theory, topology of space-time and supergravity.”
He spent the year 1978-1979 at Brandeis University as a post-doc working with Stanley Deser, and after getting his doctoral degree, became a docent in Stockholm. During 1986-1987, he spent time as a research fellow at Stony Brook University. In 2002 he moved from Stockholm University to Uppsala University where he is now the chairman of the theoretical physics department.
His most well known contributions to theoretical physics is in the field of supersymmetry where he was one of the first people to discuss the hyper-Kähler quotient construction which was later generalized and discussed in full detail by Hitchin, Karlhede, Lindström and Ro?ek. Also, together with Martin Ro?ek, he has developed the notion of “Projective superspace”. Another important result was the construction (together with Paul Howe) of an eight-loop counterterm in N=8 Supergravity which became part of the motivation to consider String Theory as the major candidate for a finite quantum theory of gravity. He was also among the first to discuss the zero tension limit of String Theory and has lately been involved in developing the notion (introduced by Nigel Hitchin) of Generalized complex geometry.
He has for many years been the chairman of the Oskar Klein Memorial Lecture committee. A conference was held in honor of his 60th birthday in November 2007.
References
Hitchin, N., Karlhede, A., Lindström, U. and Ro?ek, M., Hyperkahler Metrics and Supersymmetry, Communications in Mathematical Physics 108 (1987) 535.
Howe, P. S. and Lindstrom, U., Higher Order Invariants In Extended Supergravity, Nuclear Physics B 181 (1981) 487.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulf_Lindstrom”
Categories: 1947 births | Living people
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This page was last modified on 23 December 2009 at 04:04.
This article does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009)
The 1994 Fianna Fáil leadership election began in November 1994, when Albert Reynolds resigned as party leader and Taoiseach. Reynolds had been party leader since February 1992 and had served as Taoiseach since then. His successor was elected by the members of the Fianna Fáil parliamentary party on 19 December 1994. Bertie Ahern was the only candidate to stand and was thus elected leader.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il_leadership_election,_1994″
Categories: 1994 elections in Europe | Fianna Fáil | 1994 in Ireland | Leadership elections in IrelandHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from December 2009 | All articles lacking sources
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This page was last modified on 17 December 2009 at 04:49.
Deco
Mantorras
Ronald García
Mickaël Tavares
Yannick Quesnel
Chiquinho Conde
Vasili Kulkov
Ladji Keita
Didier Gigon
