Bench (also called Gimira, considered a derogatory term) is a Northern Omotic language of the “Gimojan” subgroup, spoken by about 174,000 people (as of 1998) in the Bench Maji Zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region, in southern Ethiopia, around the towns of Mizan Teferi and Shewa Gimira. It has three mutually intelligible dialects: Bench proper, She, and Mer. In unusual variance from most of the other languages in Africa, Bench has retroflex consonant phonemes. The language is also noteworthy in that it has six phonemic tones, one of only a handful of languages in the world that have this many.

Sounds

The phonemic vowels of Bench are Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)” class=”IPA”>/i e a o u/

There are six phonemic tones: five level tones (numbered 1 to 5 in the literature, with 1 being the lowest) and one rising tone 23 /??/. The top tone is sometimes realized as a high rising 45 . On the vowel o, they are /? ó ? ò ? ?/

The consonants are:

All of these can occur palatalized, but only before /a/, suggesting an alternate analysis of a sixth phonemic vowel /ja/. Labialized consonants are reported for p, b, s, g, and ?, but their phonemic status is unclear; they only occur after /i/.

For the phoneme /p/ the realizations of and are in free variation; /j/ has the allophone before back vowels.

The syllable structure is (C)V(C)(C)(C) + tone or (C) N (C), where C represents any consonant, V any vowel, N any nasal, and brackets an optional element. CC clusters consist of a continuant followed by a plosive, fricative, or affricate; in CCC clusters, the first consonant must be one of /r/ /j/ /m/ /p/ or /p?/, the second either /n/ or a voiceless fricative, and the third /t/ or /k/.

Grammar

Nouns

Plurals may optionally be formed by adding the suffix -n?d; however, these are rarely used except with definite nouns. Eg: w? ?ngn?d “her relatives”; ?tsn?d? bá ka?ng “all the people”.

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Bá goes slightly beyond being a reflexive pronoun; it can mark any third person that refers to the subject of the sentence, eg:

y?s?	bá	d?r	g?tù?
he.S	own	sheep	sell.he.Fin

b?dám	h?nk?á	b?yíst?gù?n?	p?nts?à	?z
road.abl	go.self	self.be.stat.det.when	leopard-NPMk	big	see.he.Fin

The oblique form is basic, and serves as object, possessive, and adverbial. The subject form has three variants: normal (given above), emphatic - used when the subject is particularly prominent in the sentence, especially sentence-initially - and reduced, used as part of a verb phrase. The “locative” term means “to, at, or for one’s own place or house”, eg:

k?rtá	t?t?n?	t?	h?nk?ù?
return.I	to.my.house	I	go.I.Fin

Determiners

The main determiners are “that, the” (masc. ù?, fem. èn, pl. ènd) and “this” (masc. hà?, fem. hàn, pl. hànd). As suffixes on a verb or an ablative or locative phrase, they indicate a relative clause. Eg:

?tsn?dà	hànd?s	h?rám	b?d	átsn?d??
person.pl.NPMk	these.O	what.abl	separate	make.fut.Intl?

átsín	kétn?	yískèn
woman	house.loc	be.that

“the woman who is in the house”

Demonstratives

The demonstratives include háng “here”, ?k “there (nearby)”, yìnk “there (far away)”, n?g “down there”, nèk “up there”. Alone, or with the determiner suffixes ù? or à? added, these function as demonstrative pronouns “this person”, “that person”, etc. With the noun phrase marker -à, they become demonstrative adjectives. Eg:

hàng	nás	d?dn?	àt?gù?n?
here	man	near	reach.stat.det.when

ny??à	n?gà	hànd?
boy.NPMk	down.there.NPMk	det.S

Numbers

The numbers are:

20, 30, etc. are formed by adding tàm “ten” (with tone change) to the unit. In compound numbers, -á is added to each ‘figure, thus:

When a cardinal number functions as an adjective, the suffix -?s can be added (eg ny??à káz?s “three children”.) Ordinal numbers are formed by suffixing -nás to the cardinal, eg: ódnás “fourth”.

Adjectives

Adjectives are sometimes intensified by changing the tone to top; eg ?z “big” ? e?z “very big”.

Verbs

Verbs with monosyllabic roots can have three different forms of their active stems: the singular imperative, which is just the root; the past stem, usually identical to the root but sometimes formed by adding -k (with changes to the preceding consonant); and the future stem, usually identical to the root but sometimes formed by changing the tone from mid 3 to high 4 or from bottom 1 to top 5. Some have causative (formed by adding -?s or -?s, and changing mid tone to high) and passive (formed by adding -n?, -t, or -?k to the causative) forms. Verbal nouns are formed from the stem, sometimes with tone change or addition or -t.

Verbs with polysyllabic roots have at least two forms, one with an intransitive or passive meaning and one with a transitive or causative meaning; the former ends in -n?, the latter in -?s. A passive may be formed by ending in -?sn?. Verbal nouns are formed by taking the bare stem without -n? or -?s.

Compound verbs are formed with màk “say” or màs “cause to say”, a formation common among Ethiopian languages.

The primary tenses are simple past (formed from the past stem), future (future stem plus -n?s-), present perfect (from present participle stem); negative (future stem plus -árg-.) Eg: h?m ? h?nk?ù? “he went”; hámsm?sù? “he will go”; h?nk??sù? “he has gone”.

There are four corresponding participles: past (formed from the past stem), present perfect (formed from the past stem with the suffix -?s-, -?g, or -ánk?-), imperfect (formed from the future stem with the stative suffix -?g-), and negative (formed from the future stem with the negative suffix -árg- or -ù- or a person/number marker.) The order of affixes is: root-(tense)-(negative)-(foc. pn.)-person/number-marker.

Orthography and literature

The New Testament has been published in the Bench language, using an orthography based on the Ethiopian syllabary. Tones are not indicated. Retroflex consonants are indicated by such techniques as using extra symbols from the syllabary (the “nigus s”) and forming new symbols, (the addition of an extra arm on the left side for “t”).

Notes

1. ^ Raymond G. Gordon, Jr, ed. 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 15th edition. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
2. ^ Breeze 1988.
3. ^ Wedekind 1983, 1985a, 1985b.
4. ^ Note that this is the East Asian tone numbering convention, and the opposite of the literature for other African languages, where 1 is high and 5 is low. The issue will be avoided here by using IPA diacritics.

References

• Ethnologue entry for Bench
• Breeze, Mary J. 1986. “Personal pronouns in Gimira (Benchnon).”? In Ursula Wiesemann (ed.), Pronominal systems, 47-69. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
• Breeze, Mary. 1988. “Phonological features of Gimira and Dizi.”? In Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst and Fritz Serzisko (eds.), Cushitic - Omotic: papers from the International Symposium on Cushitic and Omotic languages, Cologne, January 6-9, 1986, 473-487. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
• Mary J. Breeze. 1990. “A Sketch of the Phonology and Grammar of Gimira (Benchnon)”. In Richard J. Hayward (ed.), Omotic Language Studies, 1-67. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
• Rapold, Christian. 2006. Towards a grammar of Benchnon. PhD thesis, University of Leiden.
• Wedekind, Klaus. 1983. “A six-tone language in Ethiopia: Tonal analysis of Ben? non (Gimira).”? Journal of Ethiopian Studies 16: 129-56.
• Wedekind, Klaus. 1985a. “Why Bench’ (Ethiopia) has five level tones today.”? In Ursula Pieper and Gerhard Stickel (eds.), Studia linguistica diachronica et synchronica, 881-901. Berlin: Mouton.
• Wedekind, Klaus. 1985b. “Thoughts when drawing a map of tone languages.”? Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 1: 105-24.
• Wedekind, Klaus. 1990. “Gimo-Jan or Ben-Yem-Om: Ben? - Yemsa phonemes, tones, and words.”? In Richard J. Hayward (ed.), Omotic language studies p. 68-184. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.

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Budovar

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The Budovar (Serbian Cyrillic: ???????) is a river in northern Serbia, a 52 km-long right tributary to the Danube in the Srem region of the Vojvodina province.

The Budovar is a system of natural and channeled water flow of Patka-Budovar. It originates from the eastern slopes of the Fruška Gora mountain, near the village of ?ortanovci as the Patka (Cyrillic: ?????) at an altitude of 215 m. The river flows to the southeast, through the village of Beška, where it is crossed by the Belgrade-Novi Sad highway. After it receives the smaller stream from the left near the village of Kr?edin, the river is known as the Budovar. The river turns south and flows parallel to the highway, next to the village of Novi Karlovci, before it empties into the Danube at the village of Stari Banovci.

The Budovar belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin and it is not navigable.

Coordinates: 44°59?N 20°17?E? / ?44.983°N 20.283°E? / 44.983; 20.283

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budovar”
Categories: Rivers of Serbia | Geography of Vojvodina | Syrmia | Tributaries of the Danube

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Robert Blake (1772 - 25 March 1822) graduated from the Department of Physics at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, in September 1798, having trained to be a dentist for his uncle, Edward Hudson.

Blake married Ann Higgins, daughter of the physician and chemist Dr. Bryan Higgins, on 25 November 1799, at St. James’s Church, Piccadilly, London.

Blake was for many years Secretary to the Physico-Medical Society of Dublin. He was the first State Dentist of Dublin, and had a large dental practice in the city.

The Freeman’s Journal reports Blake’s death thus:

Published works

Blake’s thesis, Disputatio medica inauguralis, de dentium formatione et structura in homine et in variis animalibus, was first published in Edinburgh in September, 1798. It was republished in Dublin in 1801 by William Porter, expanded and translated into English, under the title of An Essay on the Structure and Formation of the Teeth in Man and Various Animals. A revised and updated edition was published in 1851, featuring revisions and corrections, with notes by Cyreneus O. Cone.

In 1859, Nasmyth said of Blake’s thesis:

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Feel Good Drinks

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Feel Good Drinks Co is an independent soft drinks company based in the United Kingdom. It was originally founded by three executives from Coca Cola UK, and the products are now sold in over 20,000 outlets in 14 different countries, including in supermarkets and bars.

It produces three ranges of drinks - still, sparkling juice and 100% juice range. All products contain no added sugar, and some have added Vitamin C.

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Constance Frederica Gordon-Cumming (1896)

Constance Frederica “Eka” Gordon-Cumming (1837 - 1924) was a travel writer and painter. She was born May 26, 1837 at Altyre, near Forres in Scotland, the 12th child of a wealthy family. Her parents were Sir William Gordon-Cumming, 2nd Baronet, and Elizabeth Maria (Campbell) Cumming. She was the aunt of Sir William Gordon-Cumming, 4th Baronet. She grew up in Northumberland, and was educated at Fulham, London. She taught herself how to paint, and had help from artists visiting her home, including one of Queen Victoria’s favorite painters, Sir Edwin Landseer. After spending a year in India in 1867, she became interested in travel.

Gordon-Cumming was a prolific travel writer and landscape painter who traveled the world, mostly in Asia and the Pacific. She has painted over a thousand watercolors. Places she visited include Australia, New Zealand, America, Hawaii, China, and Japan. Her best known books are At Home in Fiji and A Lady’s Cruise on a French Man-of-War. The latter book resulted from an invitation to join a French ship put into service for the Bishop of Samoa so that he could visit remote parts of his far-flung diocese.

Miss Gordon-Cumming received much criticism from male writers of the era, perhaps because she did not fit in the traditional Victorian role of women, as she often traveled alone and unaided. Henry Adams said her books are a collection of anecdotes without much interest and in another letter. In any case, her landscape drawings and watercolors seem to be universely admired.

Gordon-Cumming visited Yosemite Valley in April 1878, after visiting Tahiti. She intended to visit for 3 days, but ended up staying 3 months. She says “I for one have wandered far enough over the wide world to know a unique glory when I am blessed by the sight of one . . .” She published her letters back home as Granite Crags in 1884. While in Yosemite Miss Gordon-Cumming also drew watercolor sketches, which she displayed in Yosemite Valley—making it first art exhibition in Yosemite.

In 1879, while visiting Peking, China, Miss Gordon-Cumming met William Hill Murray, a Scottish missionary to China. He had invented the Numeral Type system, through which blind and illiterate Chinese learned to read and write, by assigning numbers to each of the 408 Chinese Mandarin sounds. Gordon-Cumming wrote a book (1899) about the system and supported the school for the rest of her life. She died in Scotland on September 4, 1924, and is buried near Crieff.

The Honolulu Academy of Arts, the Oakland Museum of California and the Yosemite Museum are among the public collections holding works by Constance Gordon-Cumming.

Selected works

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Digital Poster

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This article is an orphan, as few or no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from other articles related to it. (September 2008)

This article is written like an advertisement. Please help rewrite this article from a neutral point of view. For blatant advertising that would require a fundamental rewrite to become encyclopedic, use {{db-spam}} to mark for speedy deletion. (December 2007)

A digital poster, dubbed ePoster by Convene Magazine (December 2006), is the logical extension of abstract management systems. By taking the content submitted by researchers to the academic or profession conference peer review process and creating a digital version of a single page poster, audio video and software companies seek to eliminate the time consuming and costly process of paper poster production.

These digital versions of presentations offer several advantages over their physical counterparts including: convention or congress cost savings, multimedia additions to the traditional format, archival research capabilities, and time savings to the presenters.

The Congress of Neurologic Surgeons believes that they were the first medical association to adopt the digital poster format in two dimensional multimedia presentations of medical research for some 700 poster session researchers (see www.neurosurgeon.org).digital posters are just a load ofshit!!

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2007)

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Poster”
Categories: Posters | Marketing strategies and paradigmsHidden categories: Orphaned articles from September 2008 | All orphaned articles | Wikipedia articles needing style editing from December 2007 | All articles needing style editing | Articles lacking sources from May 2007 | All articles lacking sources

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Culture of Weifang

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This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia’s quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (March 2008)

Kite-flying is a traditional custom among the people in Weifang in spring time. The outstanding kite handicraft skills and the special atmosphere in Weifang is quite suitable for flying kites, making Weifang Kites more and more popular in China and abroad.

In 1984, the first International Kite Festival was held in Weifang. More than ten thousand kite fans attended the opening ceremony. People from eleven different countries and regions, including the United States and Canada, took part in the festival, flying kites. Since then, Weifang has held the International Kite Festival every year in April and is known as the “International Kite Capital” worldwide.Pictures of the 22nd Weifang Kite Festival

Annual Broad of Yangjiabu (???????), one of the three most famous Chinese folk paintings in history, began from the end of the Ming Dynasty. It reached the peak of its development during the Qing Dynasty. People usually replace the old Annual Broads with the new ones on the eve of Spring Festival, which is the most important festival in China, in order to give blessings to the family and friends for the following year. The subjects of Annual Broad of Yangjiabu are various, which include flowers, beauties, landscapes, characters from myths and legends. The architecture skills such as concise lines and bright colors reflect the distinctive characteristics of people in Weifang.

Paper cutting in Gaomi (????) has a long history for more than four hundred years. This widely spread handicraft has unique styles, such as strong contrast in color, straight and simple line and exaggerated outline. The characters mostly come from the dramatic stories, flowers and birds, as well as some fantastic symbols.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Weifang”
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Free Easy Ways To Loose Weight

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (December 2008)

The architecture firm of D.H. Burnham and Company, Chicago, Illinois, was the successor to Burnham and Root. The name was changed once John Root died in 1891. Root was the chief consulting architect for the World’s Columbian Exposition. After Root’s death, Daniel Burnham took that title along with his old title of Chief of Construction.

D.H. Burnham and Company continued to have design output that was prodigious. Including the Ellicott Square Building in Buffalo, New York, as well as overseeing the reconstruction and expansion of the Marshall Field and Company Building in Chicago between 1893 and 1914. His firm also designed and built The Silversmith Building, which is now The Silversmith hotel & Suites in downtown Chicago in the late 1890’s.

In 1894 Burnham was the President of the American Institute of Architects and was asked to draw up plans for cities such as San Francisco, Cleveland, and Baltimore.

Burnham Plan

The Burnham Plan was a basis plan for the city of Chicago. The plan kept forest preserves along and near the city’s lakeside, to ensure its preservation in case of a population explosion.

When Burnham died in 1912 the company was passed down to a longtime trusted employee, who later changed the name to Graham, Burnham and Company.

References

1. ^ “About Silversmith Hotel”. silversmithhotel.com. http://www.silversmithhotel.com/history/index.html. 

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Nippers marching at a surf carnival.

Surf boat competition during a surf carnival.

In Australian culture sports carnivals are held to perform competitions in the individual or team disciplines like athletics, swimming or Surf Life Saving. Teams from different clubs or schools gather together for both individual point-score and team score. Often, the carnival is opened by a parade with the teams marching in uniforms and flags over the field of competition.

Surf carnival

Surf Life Saving Clubs in Australia train their nippers and young life savers for competitions in surf carnivals. Local, regional, state and nationwide competitions are held across the country. Junior carnivals compete for age groups starting from under-8 to under-14, while senior competitions among active surf life savers start from under-15 to veterans. Veterans are athletes 30 years and older; the age groups are in 5-year blocks: 30–34, 35–39, 40–44, all the way up to 65+. Surf boat competitions start from 16+.

See also

• Sports day
• The Coolangatta Gold

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This article is about a fictional weapon from the After War timeline of the anime Gundam metaseries.

MA-06 Grandine

In the anime series Gundam X, the Grandine was a very large mobile armor developed by the Space Revolutionary Army to serve as a mobile garrison headquarter and field artillery unit. Its most powerful weapon was a photon particle launcher cannon but it was also equipped with 4 beam cannons on the legs. Although it could walk with its four legs, it was also equipped with a hovering system to hover over the ground.

Although the exact number of Grandines is unknown, one unit survived the mass colony drop and fell into the hands of Von Alternative, the chief of a Newtype research laboratory in North America. Alternative made a deal with the Frost brothers, which schould bring him the Newtype girl Tiffa Adil but then he wanted to end the pact. For this, he intended to use the Grandine to destroy the brothers as well as the Vultures which had kidnapped Tiffa from with the particle cannon. However, Freeden pilot Garrod Ran used the satellite cannon of his GX-9900 Gundam X to destroy the Grandine.

Specifications

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